The Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics in East Sarajevo (Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Istočnom Sarajevu) is an economic journal with a general orientation and it is published yearly. We publish original scientific papers, scientific reviews, preliminary reports, conference papers, professional papers and book reviews. Only original papers not previously published or simultaneously submitted for publishing elsewhere, should be submitted. Submitted papers need to be prepared according to the Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics in East Sarajevo Instructions for Authors.
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Headings and subheadings.
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The Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics in East Sarajevo uses THE CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (AUTHOR – DATE SYSTEM).
Reference to individuals, articles and book in the text – Basic structure of an in-text citation. Citation in the text usually appears in parentheses and includes only the first two elements in a reference list—the author and the year of publication (hence the name of the system), with no intervening punctuation. In addition, a page number or other locator may be added, following a comma. Terms such as editor or translator, abbreviated in a reference list, are not included in a text citation.
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Full The Chicago Manual of Style 17: Author-Date References (link)
Full The Chicago Manual of Style 17: Author-Date References 
The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style 17.
The Chicago Manual of Style - Author-Date References 17th Edition / The University of Chicago Press
Overview
15.1 The scope of this chapter. This chapter describes the second of Chicago’s two systems of source citation, which uses parenthetical author-date references and a corresponding reference list. Because this system is similar in many respects to the notes and bibliography system discussed in chapter 14, much of the information from that chapter is not repeated here. For an introduction to source citations in general, including a discussion of systems other than the two recommended by Chicago, readers are encouraged to consult the overview in chapter 14 (14.1-18).
15.2 Author-date references versus notes and bibliography. Most of the recommendations in chapter 14 for how to style names of authors, titles of works, and other components in notes and bibliographies are identical for the author-date system described in this chapter. The author-date system differs primarily in its use of parenthetical text citations rather than citations in numbered notes and, in the bibliography (called a reference list in author-date style), the placement for the year of publication. For the use of notes with the author-date system, see 15.31.
15.3 Notes and bibliography entries as models for author-date references. Most of the examples in chapter 14 are readily adapted to the author-date citation style—in almost all cases by a different ordering or arrangement of elements. Most reference list entries are identical to entries in a bibliography except for the position of the year of publication, which in a reference list follows the author’s name. Unlike bibliography entries (see 14.64), each entry in the reference list must correspond to a work cited in the text. Text citations differ from citations in notes by presenting only the author’s last name and the year of publication, followed by a page number or other locator, if any. This chapter, by focusing on these and other differences, will show how to adapt any of the examples in chapter 14 to the author-date system.
15.4 Sources consulted online. For a detailed discussion of URLs and DOIs, access dates and revision dates, and other considerations for citing sources consulted online, see 14.6-18. Most types of sources consulted online can be cited by adding a URL (or, in some cases, the name of the bibliographic database) after the full facts of publication. For examples in the author-date style see 15.9, under “Journal Article,” and throughout 15.46-49 and 15.50-52. For more examples, see 14.161,14.162, and throughout the discussions on periodicals (14.164-204) and elsewhere in chapter 14. For examples of access dates in author-date format, see 15.50.
Basic Format, with Examples and Variations
15.5 The author-date system—overview. The author-date system is used by many in the physical, natural, and social sciences and is recommended by Chicago for works in those areas. Sources are cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by the author’s last (family) name, the publication date of the work cited, and a page number if needed. Full details appear in the reference list—usually titled “References” or “Works Cited”—in which the year of publication appears immediately after the author’s name (see fig. 15.1). This arrangement makes it easy to follow a text citation to the corresponding full source in the reference list. (In electronic formats, text citations may be linked to their corresponding reference list entries.)
Text citations:
Like many other cultural fields, the video game industry is one that rewards novelty, especially when it is packaged in terms that are recognizable to consumers and critics (Lampel, Lant, and Shamsie 2000; Hutter 2011))... But the forefront of the industry finds continuous experimentation with the singular challenge of video gaming: how to create a convincing form of narrative storytelling that is nonetheless animated, perhaps uniquely so, by the actions of the users (Bissell 2011).
Reference list entries:
Bissell, Tom. 2011. Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter. New York: Vintage Books.
Hutter, Michael. 2011. “Infinite Surprises: Value in the Creative Industries.” In The Worth of Goods: Valuation and Pricing in the Economy, edited by Jens Beck-ert and Patrick Aspers, 201-20. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lampel, Joseph, Theresa Lant, and Jamal Shamsie. 2000. “Balancing Act: Learning from Organizing Practices in Cultural Industries.” Organization Science 11 (3): 263-69.
For more examples of text citations and reference list entries, see 15.9. For a detailed discussion of reference lists, see 15.10-16 and 15.17-20. For text citations, see 15.21-31.
Figure 15.1. Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences. See 15.5,15.6,15.10-16.
15.6 Basic structure of a reference list entry. In a reference list entry, the year of publication is the second element, following the author’s name. Otherwise, a reference list entry is structured like an entry in a bibliography (see 14.21): the elements are separated by periods, and the first-listed author’s name, according to which the entry is alphabetized in the reference list, is usually inverted (last name first). Titles are capitalized headline-style unless they are in a language other than English (see 8.159, 11.6); titles of larger works such as books and journals are italicized; and titles of smaller works such as journal articles are presented in roman and enclosed in quotation marks (see 8.163,14.86). Noun forms such as editor, translator, volume, and edition are abbreviated, but verb forms such as edited by and translated by are spelled out.
15.7 Basic structure of an in-text citation. In the author-date system, a citation in the text usually appears in parentheses and includes only the first two elements in a reference list—the author and the year of publication (hence the name of the system), with no intervening punctuation. A page number or other locator may be added, following a comma. Terms such as editor or translator, abbreviated in a reference list, are omitted from a text citation. In a parenthetical reference to two or more works, a semicolon usually separates each work from the next (but see 15.30).
15.8 Page numbers and other locators. In text citations, where reference is usually to a particular passage in a book or journal, only the page numbers pertaining to that passage are given. In reference lists, no page numbers are given for books; for easier location of journal articles or chapters or other sections of a book, the beginning and ending page numbers of the entire article or chapter are given. See also 15.23.
15.9 Author-date references—examples and variations. The examples that follow provide an overview of the author-date system, featuring books and journal articles as models. Each example includes a reference list entry and a corresponding text citation. For the sake of consistency, text citations are presented in parentheses, though they do not always appear that way in practice (see 15.28). For more examples, consult the sections dealing with specific types of works throughout this chapter.
Book with Single Author or Editor
For a book with a single author, invert the name in the reference list; in the text, include only the last name. Punctuate and capitalize as shown. To cite a specific passage, a page number or range is included in a text citation, separated from the year by a comma (a comma is also used between nonconsecutive page references). Page numbers are not included in a reference list unless the entry is for a chapter (see “Chapter in an Edited Book,” below). See also 9.60-64.
Strayed, Cheryl. 2012. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
(Strayed 2012, 87-88)
(Strayed 2012,261,265)
A book with an editor in place of an author includes the abbreviation ed. (editor; for more than one editor, use eds.). Note that the text citation does not include ed.
Daum, Meghan, ed. 2015. Selfish, Shallow, and Self-Absorbed: Sixteen Writers on the Decision Not to Have Kids. New York: Picador.
(Daum 2015, 32)
Book with Multiple Authors
For a book with two authors, only the first-listed name is inverted in the reference list.
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
(Grazer and Fishman 2015,188)
For a book with three authors, adapt as follows:
Berkman, Alexander, Henry Bauer, and Carl Nold. 2011. Prison Blossoms: Anarchist Voices from...
(Berkman, Bauer, and Nold 2011,7-10)
For a book with four or more authors, include all the authors in the reference list entry (see also 14.76). Word order and punctuation are the same as for two or three authors. In the text, however, cite only the last name of the first-listed author, followed by et al. (see also 15.29).
(Hacek et al. 2015, 384)
Book with Author plus Editor or Translator
In the reference list, do not abbreviate Edited by or Translated by. See also 14.104.
Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.
(Garcia Marquez 1988, 242-55)
Chapter in an Edited Book
In citations of a chapter or similar part of an edited book, include the chapter author; the chapter title, in quotation marks; and the editor. Precede the title of the book with In. Note the location of the page range for the chapter in the reference list entry. See also 14.106-12.
Gould, Glenn. 1984. “Streisand as Schwarzkopf.” In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, 308-11. New York: Vintage Books.
(Gould 1984, 310)
Journal Article
Citations of journals typically include the volume and issue number and date of publication. The volume number follows the italicized journal title in roman and with no intervening punctuation. A specific page reference is included in the text; the page range for an article is included in the reference list, preceded by a colon. Authors should record the full information for the issue, including issue number, even if a journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the year.
Bagley, Benjamin. 2015. “Loving Someone in Particular.” Ethics 125, no. 2 (January): 477-507.
(Bagley 2015, 484-85)
The URL in the following example indicates that the article was consulted online; in this case, it is based on a DOI and is preferred to the URL that appears with the article (see 14.7, 14.8). Some publishers will use the URL as the basis of a link to the cited resource. For access dates (not shown here), see 14.176.
Liu, Jui-Ch’i. 2015. “Beholding the Feminine Sublime: Lee Miller’s War Photography.” Signs 40, no. 2 (Winter): 308-19. https://doi.org/10.1086/678242.
(Liu 2015, 312)
For the use of parentheses with issue numbers (as for a journal for which the month or season is unavailable or otherwise not listed), see 15.47. For the use of a colon with volume numbers (as for a journal for which only volume and year are listed), see 15.48.
Reference Lists and Text Citations
Reference Lists
15.10 Function and placement of reference lists. In the author-date system, the reference list is the prime vehicle for documentation. The text citations (see 15.21-31) are merely pointers to the full list. A reference list, like other types of bibliographies (see 14.64), is normally placed at the end of a work, preceding the index, if there is one. In a multiauthor book or a textbook (or any book to be offered in the form of individual chapters), each chapter is usually followed by its own reference list, in which case the list is preceded by a subhead such as References or Literature Cited. Journal articles are always treated this way.
15.11 Alphabetical arrangement of reference list entries. A reference list is arranged alphabetically (except in a numbered reference system; see 14.3) and should generally not be divided into sections. (Types of sources that are not readily adapted to author-date style are often better cited in notes; see, for example, 15.58-59.) All sources are listed by the last names of the authors (or, if no author or editor is given, by the title or, failing that, a descriptive phrase). Rules for alphabetizing an index (see 16.56-93) apply also to a reference list, with the modifications described in 14.66 and 15.17-20. For an illustration, see figure 15.1.
15.12 Authors' names in reference list entries. In a reference list as in a bibliography, record the authors’ names as they appear on the title page or at the head of an article or chapter, with the exceptions noted in 14.72-84. Some publications, especially in the natural sciences, use initials rather than full given names (see 15.33). Where this practice is followed an exception should be made where two authors share the same initials and last name. For text citations, see 15.22.
15.13 Titles in reference list entries. Titles and subtitles of books, articles, and other works in reference lists should be treated according to the rules set forth in 14.85-99 and exemplified throughout chapter 14. It is recognized, however, that some publications—particularly journals in the natural sciences—generally prefer sentence-style capitalization for titles (see 8.158), tend not to use quotation marks or italics, and abbreviate journal titles (see 15.46).
15.14 Placement of dates in reference list entries. Because the text citations consist of the last name of the author or authors (or that of the editor or translator) and the year of publication, the year in the reference list appears directly after the name, not with the publication details. (When the date of publication includes month and day, the year may be repeated to avoid any confusion; for an example, see 15.49.) This arrangement facilitates easy lookup of reference list entries.
Pager, Devah, and David S. Pedulia. 2015. “Race, Self-Selection, and the Job Search Process.” American Journal ofSociology 120, no. 4 (January): 1005-54. https://doi.org/10.1086/681072.
Unger, Roberto Mangabeira, and Lee Smolin. 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time: A Proposal in Natural Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
For n.d. and the use of access dates for sources consulted online, see 15.44 and 15.50. See also 15.55.
15.15 Abbreviations in reference list entries. In reference lists, spell out such phrases as edited by or translated by, which are capitalized if following a period. On the other hand, noun forms such as editor (ed.) and translator (trans.) are always abbreviated, as are such standard bibliographic terms as volume (vol.), number (no.), and so forth. Abbreviations may be used with greater frequency as long as they are used consistently. For example, University may be abbreviated to Univ., and months given with journal citations may be abbreviated (see 10.39). See also 15.33,15.46.
15.16 Single author versus several authors—reference list order. As in a bibliography (chapter 14), a single-author entry in a reference list precedes a multiauthor entry beginning with the same name. Only the first author’s name is inverted. Successive entries by two or more authors in which only the first author’s name is the same are alphabetized according to the coauthors’ last names (regardless of how many coauthors there are).
Lamont, Michele. 2012. “Toward a Comparative Sociology of Valuation and Evaluation.” Annual Review of Sociology 38 (August): 201-22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120022.
Lamont, Michele, and Nicolas Duvoux. 2014. “How Neo-liberalism Has Transformed France’s Symbolic Boundaries?” French Politics, Culture & Society 32, no. 2 (Summer): 57-75. https://doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2014.320208.
Lamont, Michele, Jason Kaufman, and Michael Moody. 2000. “The Best of the Brightest: Definitions of the Ideal Self among Prize-Winning Students.” Sociological Forum 15, no. 2 (June): 187-224. http://www.jstor.org/stable/684814.
Lamont, Michele, and Ann Swidler. 2014. “Methodological Pluralism and the Possibilities and Limits of Interviewing.” Qualitative Sociology 37, no. 2 (June): 153-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/slll33-014-9274-z.
The 3-Em Dash for Repeated Names in a Reference List
15.17 The 3-em dash in reference lists—some caveats. The advice in this section, which explains how to use the 3-em dash to stand in for repeated reference list entries under the same name, is aimed primarily at publishers and editors. Authors usually should not use the 3-em dash for repeated names in their manuscripts. Among other potential pitfalls, 3-em dashes do not work in computerized sorts (i.e., all entries with 3-em dashes will line up in one place). Moreover, an incorrectly applied dash may obscure an important detail—for example, the abbreviation ed. or trans. Publishers, too, may decide not to apply 3-em dashes: 3-em dashes make it impractical to present entries outside the context of the list (e.g., in a pop-up box or when linking directly from in-text citation to reference list entry) and can hide entries from bibliographic databases, both of which are concerns for electronic publication formats. Where 3-em dashes are not used, simply repeat author name(s) and sort the entries as described throughout this section. See also 6.94.
15.18 Chronological order for repeated names in a reference list. For successive entries by the same author(s), translator(s), editor(s), or compiler^), a 3-em dash replaces the name(s) after the first appearance (but see 15.17). The entries are arranged chronologically by year of publication in ascending order, not alphabetized by title (as in a bibliography; see 14.71). Undated works designated n.d. or forthcoming follow all dated works (see 15.44-45).
Schuman, Howard, and Jacqueline Scott. 1987. “Problems in the Use of Survey Questions to Measure Public Opinion.” Science 236 (4804): 957-59. https://doi .org/10.1126/science.236.4804.957.
------. 1989. “Generations and Collective Memories.” American Sociological Review 54, no. 3 (June): 359-81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095611.
Note that the 3-em dash cannot stand in for the same two or more authors as in the previous entry if they appear in a different order. The following two entries are alphabetized as if they are by two different sets of authors (i.e., "jean” comes before “John”):
Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff, eds. 1993. Modernity and Its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comaroff, John, and Jean Comaroff. 1991-97. Of Revelation and Revolution. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15.19 The 3-em dash with edited, translated, or compiled works. The 3-em dash replaces the preceding name or names only, not an added ed., trans., comp., or whatever. The chronological order is maintained, regardless of the added abbreviation.
Woodward, David. 1977. The All-American Map: Wax Engraving and Its Influence on Cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
------, ed. 1987. Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
------. 1996. Catalogue ofWatermarks in Italian Printed Maps, ca. 1540-1600. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Woodward is the author of the first and third items, editor of the second.
15.20 Reference list entries with same author(s), same year. Two or more works by the same author in the same year must be differentiated by the addition of a, b, and so forth (regardless of whether they were authored, edited, compiled, or translated) and are listed alphabetically by title. Text citations consist of author and year plus letter.
Fogel, Robert William. 2004a. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
------. 2004b. “Technophysio Evolution and the Measurement of Economic Growth.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14, no. 2 (June): 217-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0188-x.
(Fogel 2004b, 218) (Fogel 2004a, 45-46)
When works by the same two or more authors list their names in a different order, then a, b, and so forth cannot be used. See 15.18.
Text Citations
15.21 Agreement of text citation and reference list entry. For each author-date citation in the text, there must be a corresponding entry in the reference list under the same name and date. It is the author’s responsibility to ensure such agreement as well as the accuracy of the reference (see 2.32). Among other things, specific page references to a journal article, when given in a text citation, must fall within the range of pages given for the article in the reference list entry. Manuscript editors can help authors by cross-checking text citations and reference lists and rectifying or querying any discrepancies or omissions (see 2.63).
15.22 Text citations—basic form. An author-date citation in running text or at the end of a block quotation usually consists of the last (family) name of the author, followed by the year of publication of the work in question. In this context, author may refer not only to one or more authors or an institution but also to one or more editors, translators, or compilers. No punctuation appears between author and date. Abbreviations such as ed, or trans, are omitted. See also 15.23.
Text citations:
(Hetherington and Rudolph 2015) (Grove 2015)
References:
Grove, John. “Calhoun and Conservative Reform.” 2015. American Political Thought 4, no. 2 (March): 203-27. https://doi.org/10.1086/680389.
Hetherington, Marc J., and Thomas J. Rudolph. 2015. Why Washington Wont Work: Polarization, Political Trust, and the Governing Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
To refer to two or more sources in the same text citation, separate the sources with semicolons (but see 15.30).
(Hetherington and Rudolph 2015; Grove 2015)
Where two or more works by different authors with the same last name are listed in a reference list, the text citation must include an initial (or two initials or a given name if necessary).
Text citations:
(C. Doershuk 2017) (J. Doershuk 2016)
References:
Doershuk, Carl. 2017.... Doershuk, John. 2016....
15.23 Page and volume numbers or other specific locators in text citations. When a specific page, section, equation, or other division of the work is cited, it follows the date, preceded by a comma. When a volume as a whole is referred to, without a page number, vol. is used. For volume plus page, only a colon is needed. The n in the Fischer and Siple example below indicates “note” (see 14.157). The last example shows one strategy for citing a specific location (e.g., a section heading) in a work that contains no page or section numbers or other numerical signposts—the case for some electronic formats (see 14.160).
(Piaget 1980,74)
(LaFree 2010, 413, 417-18)
(Claussen 2015, para. 2.15) or (Claussen 2015, II 2.15)
(Johnson 1979, sec. 24) or (Johnson 1979, § 24)
(Fowler and Hoyle 1965, eq. 87)
(Hsu 2017, chap. 4)
(Garcia 1987, vol. 2)
(Garcia 1987, 2:345)
(Barnes 1998, 2:354-55, 3:29)
(Fischer and Siple 1990,212n3)
(Hellman 2017, under “The Battleground”)
Some journals omit page numbers in citations of other journal articles except when citing a direct quotation.
15.24 Additional material in text citations. The parentheses that enclose a text citation may also include a comment, separated from the citation by a semicolon (see also 15.30).
(Mandolan 2017; t-tests are used here)
15.25 Text citations in relation to surrounding text and punctuation. Except at the end of block quotations (see 15.26), author-date citations are usually placed just before a mark of punctuation though need not be if the sentence would otherwise not require it. See also 15.28.
Recent literature has examined long-run price drifts following initial public offerings (Ritter 1991; Loughran and Ritter 1995), stock splits (Ikenberry, Rankine, and Stice 1996), seasoned equity offerings (Loughran and Ritter 1995), and equity repurchases (Ikenberry, Lakonishok, and Vermaelen 1995).
but
There is evidence, for example, that the negative outcomes associated with family structure instability are more pronounced for young children as compared with older children (Sigle-Rushton and McLanahan 2004) and for boys as compared with girls (Cooper et al. 2011).
Where the author’s name appears in the text, it need not be repeated in the parenthetical citation. Note that the date should immediately follow the author’s name, even if the name is used in the possessive. This usage serves the logic and economy of the author-date style. (For a reference to a person rather than the work, it may be appropriate to include the given name on first mention.)
Fiorina et al. (2005) and Fischer and Hout (2006) reach more or less the same conclusions. In contrast, Abramowitz and Saunders (2005) suggest that the mass public is deeply divided between red states and blue states and between churchgoers and secular voters.
Tufte’s (2001) excellent book on chart design warns against a common error.
15.26 Text citations in relation to direct quotations. Although a source citation normally follows a direct quotation, it may precede the quotation— especially if such a placement allows the date to appear with the author’s name.
As Edward Tufte points out, “A graphical element may carry data information and also perform a design function usually left to non-data-ink” (2001,139).
or
As Edward Tufte (2001,139) points out, “A graphical element may carry data information and also perform a design function usually left to non-data-ink.”
When the source of a block quotation is given in parentheses at the end of the quotation, the opening parenthesis appears after the final punctuation mark of the quoted material. No period either precedes or follows the closing parenthesis.
If you happen to be fishing, and you get a strike, and whatever it is starts off with the preliminaries of a vigorous fight; and by and by, looking down over the side through the glassy water, you see a rosy golden gleam, the mere specter of a fish, shining below in the clear depths; and when you look again a sort of glory of golden light flashes and dazzles as it circles nearer beneath and around and under the boat;. . . and you land a slim and graceful and impossibly beautiful three-foot goldfish, whose fierce and vivid yellow is touched around the edges with a violent red—when all these things happen to you, fortunate but bewildered fisherman, then you may know you have been fishing in the Galapagos Islands and have taken a Golden Grouper. (Pinchot 1930,123)
See also 13.70-72.
15.27 Several references to the same source. When the same page (or page range) in the same source is cited more than once in one paragraph, the parenthetical citation can be placed after the last reference or at the end of the paragraph (but preceding the final period). When referring to different pages in the same source, however, include a full parenthetical citation at the first reference; subsequent citations need only include page numbers.
Complexion figures prominently in Morgan’s descriptions. When Jasper compliments his mother’s choice of car (a twelve-cylinder Mediterranean roadster with leather and wood-grained interior), “his cheeks blotch indignantly, painted by jealousy and rage” (Chaston 2000, 47). On the other hand, his mother’s mask never changes, her “even-tanned good looks” (56), “burnished visage” (101), and “air-brushed confidence” (211) providing the foil to the drama in her midst.
15.28 Syntactic considerations with text citations. An author-date citation is a form of bibliographic shorthand that corresponds to a fully cited work; it does not refer to a person. Note how, in the examples in 15.25 and 15.26, the wording distinguishes between authors and works. A locution such as “in Smith 2009,” though technically proper, is usually best avoided except as part of a parenthetical citation. To help readers identify the source citation, prefer “in Smith (2009)” or, for example, “in Smith’s (1999) study.” Note that square brackets should be used in parenthetical text references that require additional parentheses, as in the second example (see 6.101).
There are at least three works that satisfy the criteria outlined in Smith’s (1999) study (see Rowen 2006; Bettelthorp 2004a; Choi 2008).
These processes have, in turn, affected the way many Latin Americans are treated in the United States (see, e.g., Haviland [2003, 767] on how US courts disregard the existence of indigenous languages and “reluctantly” make allowance only for Spanish in translation services).
15.29 Text citations of works with more than three authors. For more than three authors (or in some science publications, more than two), only the name of the first author is used, followed by et al. (and others). Note that et al. is not italicized in text citations.
(Schonen et al. 2017)
According to the data collected by Schonen et al. (2017)),..
If a reference list includes another work of the same date that would also be abbreviated as “Schonen et al.” but whose coauthors are different persons or listed in a different order, the text citations must distinguish between them. In such cases, the first two authors (or the first three) should be cited, followed by et al.
(Schonen, Baker, et al. 2017) (Schonen, Brooks, et al. 2017)
Alternatively, a shortened title, enclosed in commas, may be added. In the following examples, et al. refers to different coauthors, so a, b, and so on cannot be used (see 15.20):
(Schonen et al., “Tilting at Windmills,” 2017)
(Schonen et al., “Gasoline Farmers,” 2017)
For treatment of multiple authors in a bibliography or reference list, see 14.76,15.9 (under “Book with Multiple Authors”), 15.16.
15.30 Multiple text references. Two or more references in a single parenthetical citation are separated by semicolons. The order in which they are given may depend on what is being cited, and in what order, or it may reflect the relative importance of the items cited. If neither criterion applies, alphabetical or chronological order may be appropriate. Unless the order is prescribed by a particular journal style, the decision is the author’s.
(Armstrong and Malacinski 1989; Beigl 1989; Pickett and White 1985)
Additional works by the same author(s) are cited by date only, separated by commas except where page numbers are required.
(Whittaker 1967,1975; Wiens 1989a, 1989b)
(Wong 1999, 328; 2000, 475; Garcia 1998, 67)
Additional references prefaced by “see also” follow any other references (see also 15.24).
(Guest et al. 2006; see also Stolle et al. 2008; Rahn et al. 2009)
15.31 Author-date system with notes. Where footnotes or endnotes are used to supplement the author-date system, source citations within notes are treated in the same way as in text (see fig. 15.2).
- James Wilson has noted that “no politician ever lost votes by denouncing the bureaucracy” (1989, 235). Yet little is actually ever done to bring major reforms to the system.
For the use of notes with legal-style citations, see 15.58. For more on footnotes and endnotes, see 14.24-60.
Figure 15.2. A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote. See 15.31.
Author-Date References: Special Cases
15.32 Items not necessarily covered in chapter 14. The majority of examples in chapter 14 can be adapted to the author-date system simply by moving the year of publication to follow the author’s name (see 15.3). This section focuses on special cases not necessarily covered there or for which a suitable author-date form may not be apparent.
Author’s Name
15.33 Publications preferring initials for authors' names. The reference lists in some publications, especially journals in the natural sciences, always use initials instead of given names. When periods are used, space appears between them (Wells, H. G.); when periods are omitted, as in some journals’ styles, no comma intervenes between last name and initials, and no space appears between the initials (Wells HG). Chicago recommends using the form of the name as it appears with the source unless otherwise required.
15.34 Author-date format for anonymous works (no listed author). If the author, editor, translator, or the like for the work is unknown, the reference list entry should normally begin with the title. An initial article is ignored in alphabetizing. Text citations may refer to a short form of the title but must include the first word (other than an initial article). See also 15.37, 15.39,15.49,14.79.
Stanze in lode della donna brutta. 1547. Florence.
A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. 1610. London.
(True and Sincere Declaration 1610)
(Stanze in lode della donna brutta 1547) or (Stanze 1547)
As in notes and bibliographies, bracket a name in reference lists and text citations if the authorship is known or guessed at but was omitted on the title page (use a question mark to indicate uncertainty). (Note that in the Hawkes example, both New York and Tea Party are hyphenated in the original source.)
[Hawkes, James?]. 1834. A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes. By a Citizen of New-York. New-York.
[Horsley, Samuel]. 1796. On the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin Languages. London.
([Horsley] 1796) ([Hawkes?] 1834)
Works explicitly attributed to “Anonymous” (e.g. on the title page or at the head of the work) should be cited accordingly.
Anonymous. 2015. “Our Family Secrets.” Annals of Internal Medicine 163, no. 4 (August): 321. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2168.
(Anonymous 2015)
15.35 Pseudonyms in author-date references. Pseudonyms are indicated in reference lists in exactly the same manner as they are in bibliographies (see 14.80,14.81). Text citations should refer to the first-listed name and will omit the indication pseud.
Centinel [pseud.]. 1981. Letters. In The Complete Anti-Federalist, edited by Herbert J. Storing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Stendhal [Marie-Henri Beyle]. 1925. The Charterhouse of Parma. Translated by C. K. Scott-Moncrieff. New York: Boni and Liveright.
(Stendhal 1925) (Centinel 1981)
See also 14.82. For examples of screen names in author-date references, see 15.52.
15.36 Editor in place of author in text citations. For works listed by editor(s) or compiler(s) or translator(s) in a reference list, abbreviations such as ed. or eds., comp, or comps., or trans, following the name are omitted in text citations.
Silverstein, Theodore, trans. 1974. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Soltes, Ori Z., ed. 1999. Georgia: Art and Civilization through the Ages. London: Philip Wilson.
(Silverstein 1974) (Soltes 1999)
15.37 Organization as author in author-date references. If a publication issued by an organization, association, or corporation carries no personal author’s name on the title page, the organization may be listed as author in the reference list, even if it is also given as publisher. To facilitate shorter parenthetical text citations, the organization may be listed under an abbreviation, in which case the entry must be alphabetized under that abbreviation (rather than the spelled-out name) in the reference list.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1997. Information and Documentation—Rules for the Abbreviation of Title Words and Titles of Publications. ISO 4:1997. Paris: ISO.
NISO (National Information Standards Organization). 2010. Bibliographic References. ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005. Bethesda, MD: NISO, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13,2010.
(NISO 2010) (ISO 1997)
See also 15.55,14.259.
Title of Work
15.38 Publications preferring sentence-style capitalization for titles. Especially in the natural sciences, many publications that use a version of the author-date style prefer sentence-style capitalization for cited titles (except, usually, the titles of journals, which are often abbreviated; see 15.46). In sentence style, only the first word in a title or a subtitle and any proper names are capitalized (see 8.158). Some publications do not capitalize the first word in a subtitle unless it is a proper noun. Works that prefer this style also may not use quotation marks for chapter or article titles or italics for titles of books (and sometimes journals). (Such usage is normally limited to reference lists; in the text, the use of headline-style capitalization, quotation marks, and italics for titles is the norm for English-language publications.) Though Chicago recommends headline style and the use of quotation marks or italics in both its systems of documentation, these forms can be readily adapted to other, sparer systems.
15.39 Citing author-date sources by title. Works for which no author is credited or can be determined (including any organization or publisher as author; see 15.37,15.49) are listed by title in a reference list entry. In the text, a short version of the title (up to four words) may be used. Unlike short forms for titles in notes and bibliography style (see 14.33), short forms for in-text references must include the first word of the title (aside from any article) to facilitate alphabetical lookup. For examples, see 15.34.
Books
EDITION, VOLUME, OR COLLECTION
15.40 Reprint editions and modern editions—more than one date. When citing a reprint or modern edition in the author-date system, it is sometimes desirable to include the original date of publication. Whether or not any information about the original publication is included, the original date is listed first, in parentheses. If the pagination of the original edition does not match that of the reprint, indicate the edition cited.
Austen, Jane. (1813) 2003. Pride and Prejudice. London: T. Egerton. Reprint, New York: Penguin Classics. Citations refer to the Penguin edition.
Darwin, Charles. (1859) 1964. On the Origin of Species. Facsimile of the first edition, with an introduction by Ernest Mayr. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Maitland, Frederic W. (1898) 1998. Roman Canon Law in the Church of England. Reprint, Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange.
The parentheses are rendered as square brackets in the in-text citation (see 6.101).
(Austen [1813] 2003) (Darwin [1859] 1964) (Maitland [1898] 1998)
For more than one work by the same author, the first date determines placement in the reference list (see 15.18).
Maitland, Frederic W. (1898) 1998. Roman Canon Law in the Church of England.
Reprint, Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. ------. (1909) 1926. Equity, Also the Forms of Action at Common Law: Two Coursesof Lectures. Edited by A. H. Chaytor and W. J. Whittaker. Reprint, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
When the original date is less important to the discussion, use the date of the modern source. The date of original publication may be included at the end of the reference list entry but need not be.
Trollope, Anthony. 1977. The Claverings. With a new introduction by Norman
Donaldson. New York: Dover. First published 1866-67. ------. 1983. He Knew He Was Right. 2 vols. in one. New York: Dover. First published 1869.
(Trollope 1977) (Trollope 1983)
15.41 Multivolume works published over more than one year. When a multi-volume, multiyear work is included as an entry in the reference list (as in the Tillich example below), the range of dates for the work as a whole follows the author’s name. The corresponding text citation should include a volume number with any references to specific page numbers or to cite a specific volume (see also 15.23). When an individual volume is listed (as in the Hayek example), the date for that volume should follow the name of the author; information about the work as a whole follows information about the individual volume. If the work has not yet been completed, the date of the first volume is followed by an en dash (with no space between the en dash and the punctuation that follows). Text citations of volumes listed individually in the reference list do not include the volume number, even with references to specific page numbers. See also 14.116-22. For en dashes with numbers, see 6.78,6.79,9.64.
Hayek, F. A. 2011. The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition. Edited by Ronald Hamowy. Vol. 17 of The Collected Works ofF. A. Hayek, edited by Bruce Caldwell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988-.
Tillich, Paul. 1951-63. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
(Tillich 1951-63,1:133) (Tillich 1951-63, vol. 2) (Hayek 2011, 329)
15.42 Cross-references to multiauthor books in reference lists. To avoid repeating information, individual contributions to an edited volume may include cross-references to an entry for the volume as a whole. Note that cross-references to other titles in the reference list take the form of text citations but without any parentheses.
Draper, Joan E. 1987. “Paris by the Lake: Sources of Bumham’s Plan of Chicago.” In Zukowsky 1987,107-19.
Harrington, Elaine. 1987. “International Influences on Henry Hobson Richardson’s Glessner House.” In Zukowsky 1987,189-207.
Zukowsky, John, ed. 1987. Chicago Architecture, 1872-1922: Birth of a Metropolis. Munich: Prestel-Verlag in association with the Art Institute of Chicago.
This approach is best used only if more than a few individual contributions to the same volume are cited or if the volume itself is also cited in the text. Otherwise, include full publication details in the entry for each individual contribution. See also 14.107.
Draper, Joan E. 1987. “Paris by the Lake: Sources of Bumham’s Plan of Chicago.” In Chicago Architecture, 1872-1922: Birth of a Metropolis, edited by John Zukowsky, 107-19. Munich: Prestel-Verlag in association with the Art Institute of Chicago.
15.43 Author-date style for letters in published collections. In the author-date system, letters in published collections should be cited by the date of the collection. The dates of individual correspondence should be woven into the text. The material in the examples at 14.111 could be cited as follows:
Adams, Henry. 1930. Letters of Henry Adams, 1858-1891. Edited by Worthington
Chauncey Ford. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. White, E. B. 1976. Letters ofE. B. White. Edited by Dorothy Lobrano Guth. New York: Harper & Row.
In a letter to Charles Milnes Gaskell from London, March 30,1868 (Adams 1930, 141), Adams wrote ...
White (1976, 273) sent Ross an interoffice memo on May 2,1946, pointing out that...
FACTS OF PUBLICATION
15.44 No date of publication in author-date references. When the publication date of a book or other work cannot be ascertained, the abbreviation n.d. takes the place of the year in the reference list entry and text citations. Though it follows a period in the reference list, n.d. remains lowercased to avoid conflation with the author’s name; in text citations, it is preceded by a comma. A guessed-at date may be substituted (in brackets, with a question mark to indicate uncertainty). See also 14.132,15.18.
Nano, Jasmine L. [1750?]. Title of Work... ------. n.d. Title of Another Work...
(Nano [1750?]) (Nano, n.d.)
For the use of n.d. for website content cited by access date, see 15.50. See also 15.54.
15.45 "Forthcoming" in author-date references. Like n.d. (see 15.44), forthcoming can stand in place of the date in author-date references. It should be reserved for books under contract with a publisher and already titled but for which the date of publication is not yet known. If page numbers are available, they should be given as needed. Books not under contract are treated as unpublished manuscripts (see 14.216). In text citations, forthcoming is preceded by a comma. See also 14.146.
Faraday, Carry. Forthcoming. “Protean Photography.” In Seven Trips beyond the Asteroid Belt, edited by James Oring. Cape Canaveral, FL: Launch Press.
(Faraday, forthcoming)
Periodicals
15.46 Publications preferring abbreviations for journal titles. In many publications in the sciences, journal titles are abbreviated (often with periods omitted) unless they consist of only one word. ISO 4, a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization, is the main authority for abbreviations of words in serial titles (bibliog. 4.7). Standard abbreviations for scientific journals may also be found in BIOSIS Serial Sources and through the NLM Catalog, a service of the US National Library of Medicine, among other resources (bibliog. 4.5). For more detailed information, including lists of additional resources, see the latest edition of Scientific Style and Format or the AMA Manual of Style (bibliog. 1.1).
15.47 Parentheses or comma with issue number. Though authors are encouraged to record all available data for their manuscripts (see 15.9, under “Journal Article”), sometimes only a volume and issue number will be available (and in some cases, it may be a publisher’s preferred style not to record a month or season). When that is the case, the issue number is placed in parentheses. When only an issue number is used, it is set offby commas and not enclosed in parentheses. Compare 15.48.
Glass, Jennifer, and Philip Levchak. 2014. “Red States, Blue States, and Divorce: Understanding the Impact of Conservative Protestantism on Regional Variation in Divorce Rates.” American lournal of Sociology 119 (4): 1002-46. https:// doi.org/10.1086/674703.
Meyerovitch, Eva. 1959. “The Gnostic Manuscripts of Upper Egypt.” Diogenes, no. 25, 84-117.
15.48 Colon with volume number. Authors are encouraged to record all available data for their manuscripts (see 15.9, under “Journal Article”). Sometimes, however, there is no issue number, or it may be intentionally omitted (usually according to a publisher’s preferred style), either for a reference to a journal that is paginated continuously throughout a volume or when a month or season is included. When there is no issue number, and where no month or season is recorded, the page number reference follows the volume number, separated by a colon and with no intervening space. If the month or season is included, it is enclosed in parentheses, and a space follows the colon. Compare 15.47.
Gunderson, Alex R., and Manuel Leal. 2015. “Patterns of Thermal Constraint on Ectotherm Activity.” American Naturalist 185:653-64. https://doi.org/10.1086/680849. but Gunderson, Alex R., and Manuel Leal. 2015. “Patterns of Thermal Constraint on
Ectotherm Activity.” American Naturalist 185 (May): 653-64. https://doi.org/10.1086/680849.
15.49 Newspapers and magazines in reference lists. It is usually sufficient to cite newspaper and magazines articles entirely within the text—a strategy that is identical in form in both systems of citation. See 14.198. If a reference list entry is needed, repeat the year of publication with the month and day to avoid any confusion.
Kauffman, Stanley. 1989. Review of A Dry White Season (film), directed by Euzhan Paley. New Republic, October 9,1989,24-25.
Meikle, James. 2015. “Nearly 75% of Men and 65% of Women in UK to Be Overweight by 2030—Study.” Guardian (UK edition), May 5,2015. http://www.the guardian.com/society/2015/may/05/obesity-crisis-projections-uk-2030-men -women.
If a newspaper article is unsigned, the title of the newspaper stands in place of the author.
New York Times. 2002. “In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor.” July 30,2002.
(New York Times 2002)
See also 15.34,15.37.
Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
15.50 Websites and access dates in author-date format. Chicago requires an access date in citations of websites and other sources consulted online only if no date of publication or revision can be determined from the source (see 14.12). In those cases—that is, when only an access date is used—record n.d. as the date of publication in the reference list entry and for the in-text citation. To avoid conflation with the name of the author, n.d. is always lowercase (see also 15.44).
Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, n.d. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages.
Accessed April 6,2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342. CivicPlus Content Management System, n.d. City of Ithaca, New York (website).
Accessed April 6,2016. http://www.cityofithaca.org/.
(Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, n.d.) (CivicPlus, n.d.)
For sources that include a date of publication or revision, use the year of publication in the reference list entry. Repeat the year with the month and day to avoid any confusion.
Google. 2016. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified March 25,2016. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
(Google 2016)
See also 15.37.
15.51 Citing blogs in author-date format. Blogs and blog posts are cited in author-date format by adapting the recommendations outlined in 14.208. It is often sufficient to cite blog posts, like newspaper and magazine articles, entirely within the text (see 15.49). If a reference list entry is needed, repeat the year of publication with the month and day to avoid any confusion.
Germano, William. 2014. “Futurist Shock.” Lingua Franca (blog), Chronicle of Higher Education. February 15, 2017. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/lingua franca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.
(Germano 2017)
Comments are not included in reference lists; instead, they should be cited in the text, in reference to the related post.
A comment on Germano (2017) from WordObsessed (on March 15,2017) insisted that...
References to an entire blog should likewise be made in the text rather than in a reference list. The URL can be listed in parentheses.
Lingua Franca, a blog published by the Chronicle of Higher Education (http://www .chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/)...
For the use of screen names in author-date format, see 15.52.
15.52 Citing social media content in author-date format. Social media content can be cited in author-date format by adapting the recommendations outlined and exemplified in 14.209. Like citations for text messages and other personal communications (see 15.53), citations of social media content can often be limited to the text. A frequently cited account or an extensive thread related to a single subject or post, however, may be included in a reference list. In the reference list, include the real name and a screen name, if both are available. In the text, cite the name under which the entry is listed (usually the real name unless only a screen name is available). Repeat the year with the month and day in the reference list to avoid any confusion. See also 15.35.
Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17,2015. https://www.facebook.com/Chicago Manual/posts/10152906193679151.
Diaz, Junot. 2016. “Always surprises my students when I tell them that the ‘real’ medieval was more diverse than the fake ones most of us consume.” Face-book, February 24, 2016. https://www.facebook.com/junotdiaz.writer/posts /972495572815454.
O’Brien, Conan (@ConanOBrien). 2015. “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets.” Twitter, April 22, 2015,11:10 a.m. https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien /status/590940792967016448.
Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1,2016. https://www.instagram.eom/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.
(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)
(Diaz 2016)
(O’Brien 2015)
(Souza 2016)
Comments are cited only in the text, in reference to the related post.
Michele Truty agreed, saying that “we do need a gender-neutral pronoun” (April 17, 2015, comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015).
Direct or private messages shared through social media and received by the author are cited as personal communications (see 15.53).
Interviews and Personal Communications
15.53 Unpublished interviews and personal communications. In a parenthetical citation, the terms personal communication (or pers. comm.), unpublished data, and the like may be used after the name(s) of the per-son(s) concerned, following a comma. If the medium is important and not mentioned in the text, it may be incorporated into the parenthetical reference. Reference list entries are unneeded, though each person cited must be fully identified elsewhere in the text. Initials may be used for first names. Unless it is mentioned in the text, a date should be added in parentheses, following a comma. The abbreviation et al. should be avoided in such citations.
(Julie Cantor, pers. comm.)
(Jonathan Lee, Facebook direct message to author, May 5,2017)
(Brenda Hasbrouck, text message to author, May 5,2017)
(A. P. Moller, unpublished data; C. R. Brown and M. B. Brown, unpublished data)
Manuscript Collections
15.54 Manuscript collections in author-date format. When citing manuscript collections in author-date format, it is unnecessary to use n.d. (no date) in place of the date. Dates of individual items should be mentioned in the text, when applicable.
Egmont Manuscripts. Phillipps Collection. University of Georgia Library. Kallen, Horace. Papers. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York.
Oglethorpe wrote to the trustees on January 13,1733 (Egmont Manuscripts), to say...
Alvin Johnson, in a memorandum prepared sometime in 1937 (Kallen Papers, file 36), observed that...
If only one item from a collection has been mentioned in the text, however, the entry may begin with the writer’s name (if known). In such a case, the use of n.d. may be appropriate. See also 15.44.
Dinkel, Joseph, n.d. Description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth Cary Agassiz. Agassiz Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
(Dinkel, n.d.)
Patents and Standards
15.55 Patents or other documents cited by more than one date. Cite patents and other documents that include more than one date as follows (note that the year of issue is repeated to avoid ambiguity):
Iizuka, Masanori, and Hideki Tanaka. 1986. Cement admixture. US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26,1984, and issued May 6,1986.
For examples of standards cited in author-date format, see 15.37.
Citations Taken from Secondary Sources
15.56 "Quoted in" in author-date references. To cite a source from a secondary source (“quoted in__") is generally to be discouraged since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is unavailable, however, mention the original author and date in the text, and cite the secondary source in the reference list entry.
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
In Louis Zukofsky’s “Sincerity and Objectification,” from the February 1931 issue of Poetry magazine (quoted in Costello 1981))..
Audiovisual Recordings and Other Multimedia
15.57 Citing recordings and multimedia in author-date format. Audiovisual recordings and other multimedia can be cited in author-date format by adapting the recommendations and examples outlined and exemplified in 14.261-68. (In many cases, however, it will be more appropriate to list such materials in running text and group them in a separate section or discography; see 14.262.) Older sources on outdated media are more likely to be consulted in the form of a digital copy; though authors should cite the format consulted, it is generally useful to give information about the original source, if available. Moreover, the date of the original recording should be privileged in the citation. Whom to list as “author” depends on the focus of the citation and is a matter of authorial discretion.
Coolidge, Calvin. [1920?]. “Equal Rights” (speech). In “American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918-1920.” Library of Congress. Copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.
Grande, Lance, and Allison Augustyn. 2011. Gems and Jewels. iPad ed., v. 1.01. Touchpress. Adapted from Lance Grande and Allison Augustyn, Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
Holiday, Billie, vocalist. 1958. “I’m a Fool to Want You.” By Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20,1958, with Ray Ellis. Track 1 on Lady in Satin. Columbia CL1157, 3ЗУз rpm.
Lyiscott, Jamila. 2014. “3 Ways to Speak English.” Filmed February 2014 in New York, NY. TED video, 4:29. https://www.ted.com/talks/jamila_lyiscott_3_ways tospeakenglish.
Pink Floyd. 1970. Atom Heart Mother. Capitol CDP 7 463812,1990, compact disc.
Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. MP3 audio. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam.
Rovio Entertainment. 2014. Angry Birds Transformers. V. 1.4.25. Rovio Entertainment. Android 4.0 or later. Soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.
Strayed, Cheryl. 2012. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. Read by Bernadette Dunne. New York: Random House Audio. Audible audio ed., 13 hr., 6 min.
Weingartner, Felix von, conductor. 1936.150 Jahre Wiener Philharmoniker. Prei-ser Records PR90113 (mono), 1992, compact disc. Includes Beethoven’s Symphony no. 3 in E-flat Major and Symphony no. 8 in F Major.
(Coolidge [1920?]) (Rihanna 2007)
(Grande and Augustyn 2011) (Rovio Entertainment 2014)
(Holiday 1958) (Strayed 2012)
(Lyiscott 2014) (Weingartner 1936) (Pink Floyd 1970, track 2)
Live performances, which cannot be consulted as such by readers, are generally not cited in a reference list. Instead, incorporate the details about the performance into the text. See also 14.266.
In a performance of Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in New York on February 2,2016,...
Legal and Public Documents
15.58 Using notes for legal and public documents. Legal publications use notes for documentation and few include bibliographies. Any work using the author-date style that needs to do more than mention the occasional source in the text should therefore use supplementary footnotes or endnotes; see 15.31. This advice does not extend to documents that are collected in secondary sources or published as freestanding works (see 14.291), since these are readily adaptable to the author-date system (see 15.3). For a full discussion of legal and public documents, including examples, see 14.269-305.
15.59 Citing legal and public documents in text. Works with only a handful of citations to legal and public documents may be able to limit these to the text, using the forms detailed in 14.269-305. Note that in legal style, parentheses within parentheses are used (see also 6.97).
In NLRB v. Somerville Construction Co. (206 F.3d 752 (7th Cir. 2000)), the court ruled that...
In the Congressional Record for that day (147 Cong. Rec. 19,000 (2001)), Senator Burns is quoted as saying that...
In order to avoid such awkward constructions in the text, however, Chicago advises using notes for citations to legal and public documents whenever possible (see 14.271).
Author–Date References: Special Cases
The journal applies the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition, Author–Date system.
Although Chicago allows certain stylistic variants, only the forms explicitly defined below are permitted. Any deviation is considered a citation error (Chicago 17, §§14.4, 15.5).
Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)
When a DOI is available, it must be included in the reference list. The journal uses only the DOI in the form of a full URL, in accordance with Chicago Manual of Style recommendations (Chicago 17, §§14.6–14.8).
Only the following format is permitted:
https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxx
Other DOI formats (e.g. “doi:”, “doi.org/…”, mixed formats, or DOIs containing spaces) are not allowed.
Chicago permits DOIs to be presented either as a URL or in DOI format; however, it explicitly requires consistency within a publication and recommends DOI-based URLs as the preferred and most stable form (Chicago 17, §§14.4, 14.8).
Correct:
https://doi.org/10.1086/678242
Incorrect:
doi:10.1086/678242
doi.org/10.1086/678242
https:// doi.org /10.1086/678242
Capitalization of Titles (Uppercase / Lowercase)
Titles in the reference list must be capitalized according to the language of the source:
- English-language titles: headline-style capitalization
- Titles in other languages: capitalization according to the conventions of that language (sentence-style, where applicable)
(Chicago 17, §§8.159, 14.87, 15.38)
Titles of journals must be written consistently and identically throughout the reference list.
Chicago explicitly states that capitalization rules depend on the language of the title and prohibits arbitrary or mixed capitalization within the same reference list (Chicago 17, §§8.159, 14.4).
Correct (English):
“Beholding the Feminine Sublime: Lee Miller’s War Photography.”
Correct (Serbian):
“Uticaj digitalizacije na mala i srednja preduzeća”
Incorrect:
“Uticaj Digitalizacije Na Mala I Srednja Preduzeća”
Capitalization of Journal Titles
Titles of journals in the reference list must be capitalized according to the language in which the journal is published and must be written consistently and identically in all references.
- English-language journal titles: headline-style capitalization
- Journal titles in other languages: capitalization according to the conventions of that language (sentence-style, where applicable)
(Chicago 17, §§8.159, 14.87, 14.170, 15.13)
Chicago treats journal titles as titles of larger works and requires that they follow the capitalization rules of the language of publication. Arbitrary variation in capitalization of the same journal title within a reference list is not permitted (Chicago 17, §§14.4, 14.170).
Correct (English journal title):
Signs
Journal of Economic Perspectives
International Journal of Tourism Research
Correct (Serbian journal title):
Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Istočnom Sarajevu
Ekonomske teme
Industrija
Incorrect (mixed or arbitrary capitalization):
Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Istočnom Sarajevu
ZBORNIK RADOVA EKONOMSKOG FAKULTETA U ISTOČNOM SARAJEVU
Journal Of Economic Perspectives
Journal of economic perspectives
Spacing in Volume and Issue Numbers
Journal volume and issue numbers must be formatted with a space before the issue number in parentheses:
Volume (Issue)
(Chicago 17, §§14.171, 15.47)
Explanation.
Chicago treats spacing as a formal bibliographic element. Inconsistent spacing is considered a formatting error and must be avoided (Chicago 17, §§14.4, 14.171).
Correct:
Journal of Economics 9 (2): 115–132.
Incorrect:
Journal of Economics 9(2): 115–132.
Pagination and Page Ranges
Page ranges must be indicated using an en dash (–), not a hyphen (-), and without additional spaces.
(Chicago 17, §§6.78–6.83, 14.148)
Chicago clearly distinguishes between hyphens and en dashes. The en dash is mandatory for numeric ranges, including page numbers (Chicago 17, §6.80).
Correct:
115–132
Incorrect:
115-132
115 - 132
Quotation Marks
A single quotation mark style must be used consistently throughout the manuscript and reference list.
- Double quotation marks (“ ”) are used for article and chapter titles.
- Single quotation marks (‘ ’) are used only for quotations within quotations.
(Chicago 17, §§6.9–6.11, 14.86)
Chicago allows no random variation in quotation mark usage. Consistency across all references is mandatory (Chicago 17, §14.4).
General Principle of Consistency
Although the Chicago Manual of Style allows certain stylistic variants, journal publications require strict adherence to a single, clearly defined citation standard. All references must conform to the rules and examples provided in these Instructions for Authors (Chicago 17, §§14.4, 15.5).
Conference Proceedings (Institutional Volumes)
Papers published in conference proceedings without explicitly listed individual editors (institutional proceedings) are cited as contributions in an institutional proceedings volume. The title of the proceedings is treated as the title of the larger work. Editors are omitted unless explicitly stated in the publication.
Depending on data availability, references to conference papers may include DOI or a stable web link, but only according to the standardized cases defined below.
(Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., §§14.84, 14.127, 14.170, 15.3)
Session titles (e.g. Plenary Session, General Session) are not included in reference list entries.
Chicago permits flexible adaptation of book- and chapter-style references for institutional publications and conference proceedings. When no individual editors are identified, the organizing institution is listed as the publisher, and the proceedings title functions as the container title.
Identifiers such as ISSN, DOI, or URLs may be included when available, but must not be mixed arbitrarily and must follow a consistent, journal-defined order.
(Chicago 17, §§14.4, 14.84, 14.127, 15.5)
Conference paper without DOI, or web link
Iida, Yasuhiro, Bojan Mrazovac, and Yasuo Ishigure. 2025.“Label Entropy with Similarity Graph Clique for Assessing Annotation Quality.” In Proceedings of the Jahorina Business Forum 2025. Pale: Faculty of Economics, University of East Sarajevo.
Conference paper with DOI
Iida, Yasuhiro, Bojan Mrazovac, and Yasuo Ishigure. 2025. “Label Entropy with Similarity Graph Clique for Assessing Annotation Quality.” In Proceedings of the Jahorina Business Forum 2025.
Pale: Faculty of Economics, University of East Sarajevo. https://doi.org/10.7251/ZJF2514259I
Conference paper with web link (no DOI)
Iida, Yasuhiro, Bojan Mrazovac, and Yasuo Ishigure. 2025. “Label Entropy with Similarity Graph Clique for Assessing Annotation Quality.” In Proceedings of the Jahorina Business Forum 2025. Pale: Faculty of Economics, University of East Sarajevo. https://doisrpska.nub.rs/index.php/ZJPF/article/view/12437/11929
General Consistency Requirement
When multiple identifiers are available ( DOI or URL), the DOI takes precedence. Web links are used only when a DOI is not available. Identifiers must be presented in a uniform order and format across all references. (Chicago 17, §§14.6–14.8, 15.4)
Full The Chicago Manual of Style 17: Author-Date References
Full The Chicago Manual of Style 17: Author-Date References (link)
The author receives a copy of the Proceedings in which his/her paper was published. Only those papers that are written in accordance with the above guidelines will be sent for review. For reviewers, the papers are anonymous.
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